Quindi, è scientificamente provato che gli uomini con forti tendenze maschiliste, hanno un difetto fisico cerebrale...ah! ..adesso si spiegano molte cose...
In pratica i misogini hanno una de-efficenza cerebrale...ma esiste una cura?
la cura ci sarebbe senz'altro. Quella di controllare meglio gli scritti che vengono pubblicati, evitando così di diffondere sciocchezze come quell'articolo.
Come detto precedentemente, quello che viene chiamato " maschilismo", è un ovvio modulo di comportamento atto a proteggere la famiglia. Il significato negativo viene attribuito dalle 4 ricercatrici che non fanno mistero del loro orientamento ideologico.
Tutto ciò, con la scienza non ha nulla a che fare.
tra l'altro, i risultati di questo studio, che
non significano assolutamente quanto descritto dalle 4 befane, non sono nuovi.
C'è stato uno studio molto simile, con l'unica differenza che le lesioni lì erano permanenti ( ma nelle stesse aree)
The Journal of Neuroscience, 2001, Vol. 21 RC150 1 of 6
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Lesions in Humans Eliminate
Implicit Gender Stereotyping
Elizabeth Milne and Jordan Grafman
Cognitive Neuroscience Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1440
Patients with prefrontal cortex lesions and controls were ad- tromedial prefrontal cortex lesions had a significantly lower
ministered an implicit association task (IAT) that measured the association, between the stereotypical attributes of men and
degree of association between male and female names and women and their concepts of gender. This finding provides
their stereotypical attributes of strength and weakness. They support for the hypothesis that patients with ventromedial pre-
also completed three questionnaires measuring their explicit frontal lesions have a deficit in automatically accessing certain
judgment regarding gender-related stereotypical attributes. aspects of overlearned associated social knowledge.
There were no between-group differences on the explicit mea-
sures. On the IAT, patients with dorsolateral lesions and con-
trols showed a strong association, whereas patients with ven-
After ventromedial frontal lobe brain injury, patients often dem- marking is a hypothesized mechanism that binds a positive or
onstrate acquired social conduct deficits such as an inability to negative valence to a behavioral action that facilitates the deci-
respond appropriately to social cues in the environment or failure sion of what is the correct or appropriate response in a given
to obey conventional social rules. These deficits may be accom- social situation.
panied by a lack of awareness of what is socially appropriate On the other hand, Dimitrov et al. (1996) have demonstrated
(Eslinger and Damasio, 1985; Stuss et al., 1992; Damasio, 1995, that unlike E.V.R., some patients with ventromedial lesions dis-
1996; Dimitrov et al., 1999). Because of these deficits, the ventro- play impaired social knowledge compared with matched controls
medial sectors of the prefrontal cortex have been considered the on an inventory designed to measure a person’s understanding of
repository of social knowledge of the brain that is required for the relative effectiveness of various solutions to everyday social
managing interpersonal interactions (Grafman, 1994, 1995). If problems (see also Dimitrov et al., 1999).
this knowledge becomes inaccessible or degraded, behavior may To further investigate the cause of the social conduct disorder
default to inappropriate social rules for the situation or be guided frequently observed in patients with prefrontal cortex lesions, we
by more instinctive or primitive responses induced by the envi- adapted a task from the social cognition literature that addresses
ronment (Grafman, 1994, 1995). the nature and organization of stored social knowledge. The
Evidence from previous studies has suggested that despite their implicit association task (IAT) has been used to measure the
aberrant real-life behavior, some patients with ventromedial fron- automatic concept-attribute associations that are hypothesized to
tal lobe lesions do possess, and can access, the social knowledge underlie implicit social attitudes and stereotypes (Greenwald and
that they appear not to use in everyday life. For example, patient Banaji, 1995; Greenwald et al., 1998; Rudman and Kilianski,
E.V.R.—frequently cited because of a striking dissociation be- 2001). Normal subjects typically demonstrate relatively faster
tween his preserved language, memory, and intellectual skills and reaction times when they are asked to map stereotypically com-
his profoundly impaired social conduct, which developed after patible (compared with incompatible) concepts onto a single
bilateral excision of orbital and lower mesial cortices—has been response (known as the IAT effect). Scores on this implicit
tested on several explicit measures of social cognition requiring measure are often weakly (if at all) associated with explicit scores
means end problem solving of social situations (Platt and Spivack, based on probing of attitudes or stereotypes (Greenwald et al.,
1974) and prediction of social solutions (O’Sullivan and Guilford, 1998). Stereotypes can be considered a form of social knowledge
1965) and was found to perform at levels equivalent or superior to
normal controls (Saver and Damasio, 1991; Bechara et al., 1997).
One explanation for his impaired social decision making (Be-
chara et al., 1997) is that ventromedial frontal lobe lesions result
in a somatic marking deficit (Damasio, 1996, 1998). Somatic
Received Oct. 30, 2000; revised March 6, 2001; accepted March 28, 2001.
We thank Dr. Irene Litvan for her comments on earlier versions of this manuscript
and Dr. Brian Fantie for helping to program the task.
Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Jordan Grafman, Cognitive Neuro-
science Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National
Institutes of Health, Building 10/Room 5C205, MSC 1440, Bethesda, MD 20892-
1440. E-mail: grafmanj@ninds.nih.gov.
Copyright © 2001 Society for Neuroscience 0270-6474/01/210001-06$15.00/0
Key words: prefrontal cortex; social cognition; stereotypes;
implicit association; social attitudes; ventromedial cortex
Io ho l'articolo completo, sono 6 pagine, ma se a qualcuno interessa, posso postarlo.
In pratica, le 4 bicocche hanno scoperto gli stessi risultati di anni fa, dandone però una interpretazione ideologica
